(1)on ,about 关于
on 表示这本书、文章、演说是严肃的学术性的，供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。
例句：There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.
He is writing a book on cooking.
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.
(2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；
with 表示用 工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；
in 表示用方式，用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；
例句：He makes a living by selling newspapers.
He broke the window with a stone.
The foreigner spoke to us in English.
(3)except, besides 除了
except 除之外，不包括在内；
besides 除之外，包括在内。
例句：Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如：Every year travelers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成对于而言。如：Its too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住)
⑶ of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如：Its very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。
当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁？)
宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗？)
动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我最终找到了一张椅子坐。)
(5) 记住一些固定词组：arrive at/in(到达),on foot(步行),notat all(根本不),to the north of(在以北),in the east of(在的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕),be full of(充满/ 装满.),be filled with(充满/ 装满.),be good/bad for(对有益/有害),be made of(由做成),be made from(由制造),play with(玩耍),look out of(朝外面看),at the end of(在末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于/到末为止),with the help of或with ones help(在的帮助下),look after(照料),look for(寻找),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做),get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。