主从复合句(The complex sentences)
主从复合句(初中掌握三类从句,即宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句)
宾语从句
宾语从句在主从复合句中起宾语的作用,既可作谓语动词的宾语,也可作介词、非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)的宾语。
引导宾语从句的关联词的用法
陈述意义的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导,that本身无义,在口语或非正式文体中常可省略。 e.g. She said (that) she would come.
一般疑问意义的宾语从句由从属连词whether或if引导,如果强调究竟是还是不,可在whether后加not
e.g. Can you tell me if/whether you can come here tomorrow? Ill wait to see whether your words are true or not.
特殊疑问意义的宾语从句,由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导,宾语从句中的语序为陈述式语序。
e.g. Please tell me when you were born.
学习宾语从句应该注意的几个问题
当主句谓语动词是think、believe、imagine等时,后面的宾语从句要表示否定意义时,要通过主句的否定式来实现,即否定主句中的动词。 e.g. 我认为他明天不会来。
(wrong)I think he will not come tomorrow. (right)I dont think he will come tomorrow.
某些形容词后面也可有宾语从句,这些形容词有:sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、afraid、surprised、satisfied等。 e.g. Im sure you can learn English well.
状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不担任任何句子成分。状语从句根据它所表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较,让步、方式和条件状语从句等类。
状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。位于主句之前,一般要加逗号与主句分开;位于句末则不需要。
时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when、while、as、before、after、as soon as、since、till等 e.g. When he comes, Ill tell him about it.
【注】A. when,as,while作为表示时间的从属连词时区别如下: when即可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,也可表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 as引导持续性动作,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 while引导的必须是持续性动作,并且所表示的时间范围也较大,指在某一段时间里,在期间,它强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,并侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
B.till和until表示的意思相同,但在使用时需要注意以下几点:
如果主句谓语是持续性动作,通常用肯定⑩谓语,表示直到为止。
如果主句谓语是短暂性动作,必须用否定形式的谓语,表示直到才。
C.时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时,终能用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
地点状语从句 通常由where和wherever引导 e.g. They went where they could find work.
原因状语从句 通常由because,as,since引导
e.g. Because it was wet, he took a taxi.
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.
Since you cant answer my questions, Ill have to ask someone else.
【注】because,as,since都可以引导原因状语从句。Because语气最强,它所引导的从句是全句的核心,在回答why开头的问句时,只能用because。Since语气次于because,表示显然或已知的理由、原因,从句的意思次于主句。As的语气最弱,所引导的从句放在主句之前,说明原因或理由,后面主句说明结果,主从句所表达的内容同等重要。
目的状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that,in order that等引导,并且这种从句中的谓语一般有情态动词may,might,can,could等 e.g. Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
结果状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that(以致,结果),so+形容词/副词+that(如此以至于),such+名词+that(如此以至于)等引导 e.g. It was very cold so that the lake froze.
比较状语从句 通常由从属连词asas(和一样),not as(so)as(不如),than,the morethe more(越越)等引导,这类从句通常省略与主语相同的成分 e.g. You sing better than I do.
条件状语从句 通常由从属连词if,unless等引导
e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
【注】条件状语从句与时间状语从句一样,从句中不能用将来时态,要用现在时态表示相应的将来时态。
方式状语从句 通常由从属连词as(正如),as if(as though)(好像)等引导
e.g. I did just as you told me.
让步状语从句 通常由从属连词though(although)(虽然,尽管),even if(even though)(即使)等引导 e.g. Although they are poor, they are happy. (注:翻译是后半句带有转折的意味,但不能由but连接。有although或though就不能有but)
定语从句
定语从句在主从复合句中起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词,定语从句一般放在它所修饰名词或代词之后。
定语从句主要由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that和关系副词when,where,,why所引导。它们在意义上代表先行词,同时在定语从句中担任某种成分,但没有疑问的意义。
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
关系代词的用法
who指人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。Whom指人,是宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,在非正式文体、口语中常可以省去。Whose指人或事物,是所有格,在定语从句中作定语,当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换
e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.(who is standing over there是关系代词who引导的定语从句,用以修饰who的先行词man,who在从句中作主语)
that多用来指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,指物时的用法与which基本相同,作宾语常可省略。
e.g. Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting?(that is speaking at the meeting是关系代词that引导的定语从句,用以修饰that的先行词man,that在从句中作主语)
which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
e.g. The assistant showed me the book (which) I wanted to buy.( which I wanted to buy是关系代词which引导的定语从句,用以修饰which的先行词book,which在从句中作宾语,因此可省略)
关系副词的用法
when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语,表示时间time一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
e.g. I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
e.g. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
e.g. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
e.g. There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why =for which where =in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when =during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 如:
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/ where I was born.
主从复合句(The complex sentences)
主从复合句(初中掌握三类从句,即宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句)
宾语从句
宾语从句在主从复合句中起宾语的作用,既可作谓语动词的宾语,也可作介词、非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)的宾语。
引导宾语从句的关联词的用法
陈述意义的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导,that本身无义,在口语或非正式文体中常可省略。 e.g. She said (that) she would come.
一般疑问意义的宾语从句由从属连词whether或if引导,如果强调究竟是还是不,可在whether后加not
e.g. Can you tell me if/whether you can come here tomorrow? Ill wait to see whether your words are true or not.
特殊疑问意义的宾语从句,由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导,宾语从句中的语序为陈述式语序。
e.g. Please tell me when you were born.
学习宾语从句应该注意的几个问题
当主句谓语动词是think、believe、imagine等时,后面的宾语从句要表示否定意义时,要通过主句的否定式来实现,即否定主句中的动词。 e.g. 我认为他明天不会来。
(wrong)I think he will not come tomorrow. (right)I dont think he will come tomorrow.
某些形容词后面也可有宾语从句,这些形容词有:sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、afraid、surprised、satisfied等。 e.g. Im sure you can learn English well.
状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不担任任何句子成分。状语从句根据它所表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较,让步、方式和条件状语从句等类。
状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。位于主句之前,一般要加逗号与主句分开;位于句末则不需要。
时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when、while、as、before、after、as soon as、since、till等 e.g. When he comes, Ill tell him about it.
【注】A. when,as,while作为表示时间的从属连词时区别如下: when即可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,也可表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 as引导持续性动作,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 while引导的必须是持续性动作,并且所表示的时间范围也较大,指在某一段时间里,在期间,它强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,并侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
B.till和until表示的意思相同,但在使用时需要注意以下几点:
如果主句谓语是持续性动作,通常用肯定⑩谓语,表示直到为止。
如果主句谓语是短暂性动作,必须用否定形式的谓语,表示直到才。
C.时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时,终能用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
地点状语从句 通常由where和wherever引导 e.g. They went where they could find work.
原因状语从句 通常由because,as,since引导
e.g. Because it was wet, he took a taxi.
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.
Since you cant answer my questions, Ill have to ask someone else.
【注】because,as,since都可以引导原因状语从句。Because语气最强,它所引导的从句是全句的核心,在回答why开头的问句时,只能用because。Since语气次于because,表示显然或已知的理由、原因,从句的意思次于主句。As的语气最弱,所引导的从句放在主句之前,说明原因或理由,后面主句说明结果,主从句所表达的内容同等重要。
目的状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that,in order that等引导,并且这种从句中的谓语一般有情态动词may,might,can,could等 e.g. Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
结果状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that(以致,结果),so+形容词/副词+that(如此以至于),such+名词+that(如此以至于)等引导 e.g. It was very cold so that the lake froze.
比较状语从句 通常由从属连词asas(和一样),not as(so)as(不如),than,the morethe more(越越)等引导,这类从句通常省略与主语相同的成分 e.g. You sing better than I do.
条件状语从句 通常由从属连词if,unless等引导
e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
【注】条件状语从句与时间状语从句一样,从句中不能用将来时态,要用现在时态表示相应的将来时态。
方式状语从句 通常由从属连词as(正如),as if(as though)(好像)等引导
e.g. I did just as you told me.
让步状语从句 通常由从属连词though(although)(虽然,尽管),even if(even though)(即使)等引导 e.g. Although they are poor, they are happy. (注:翻译是后半句带有转折的意味,但不能由but连接。有although或though就不能有but)
定语从句
定语从句在主从复合句中起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词,定语从句一般放在它所修饰名词或代词之后。
定语从句主要由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that和关系副词when,where,,why所引导。它们在意义上代表先行词,同时在定语从句中担任某种成分,但没有疑问的意义。
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
关系代词的用法
who指人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。Whom指人,是宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,在非正式文体、口语中常可以省去。Whose指人或事物,是所有格,在定语从句中作定语,当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换
e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.(who is standing over there是关系代词who引导的定语从句,用以修饰who的先行词man,who在从句中作主语)
that多用来指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,指物时的用法与which基本相同,作宾语常可省略。
e.g. Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting?(that is speaking at the meeting是关系代词that引导的定语从句,用以修饰that的先行词man,that在从句中作主语)
which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
e.g. The assistant showed me the book (which) I wanted to buy.( which I wanted to buy是关系代词which引导的定语从句,用以修饰which的先行词book,which在从句中作宾语,因此可省略)
关系副词的用法
when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语,表示时间time一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
e.g. I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
e.g. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
e.g. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
e.g. There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why =for which where =in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when =during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 如:
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/ where I was born.