代词的定义和分类
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。
连接代词的用法
1. 连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等(但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语),主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。
如:
Ask him which he wants. 问他要哪一个。(which引导宾语从句)
The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。(who引导表语从句)
What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道理。(what引导主语从句)
2. 关系代词型 what 的用法。
比较下列两句:
I don't know what you like. 我不知道你喜欢什么。
You can get what you like. 你想要什么就可得到什么。
第一句中的 what 表示"什么";第二句中的 what 则具有关系代词的性质,相当于"先行词+关系代词",表示"…所…的一切事或东西",如上面第二句的 what就相当于 everything that。顺便说一句,如第二句这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词。
如:
We gave him what (little) help(此处help为名词) we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。
3. whatever, whoever与whichever的用法:它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句,也可用于引导让步状语从句。如:
Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。(whoever引导主语从句)
Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。(whatever引导主语从句)
Whoever you are, you can't enter. 不管你是谁,都不能进去。(whoever引导让步状语从句)
Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢,我都会高兴。(whichever引导让步状语从句)
疑问代词的用法
1. 疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
如:
What did she say? 她怎么说?(what作say的宾语)
Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位?(which作表语)
What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?(what作about的宾语)
注意:1. who和whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语;what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。
2. what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what。
如:
Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?
What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?
相互代词的用法
英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语,不能用作主语或状语等。如:
Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。
We have known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。
注意:相互代词可以有所有格形式(each other's, one another's)。如:
They often stay in one another's house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。
另外,有人认为 each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。
物主代词的定义
定义:
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语,相当于一个形容词,不能单独使用;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,相当于一个名词词组,可以单独使用,在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。如:
Here is my dog. Its name is Tom.(形容词性物主代词its作name的定语)
My sister lost her bicycle. (形容词性物主代词her作bicycle的定语)
Is that coffee yours or hers? (名词性物主代词)
人称代词的定义
定义:人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数(单数、复数)以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)三方面与被指代的名词一致。
如:Tom is a boy, and he(代指第三人称单数Tom) is a student.
Mary is very pretty, and she(代指第三人称单数Mary) likes singing.
The boys are students, and they(代指第三人称复数数The boys) are in the room.
The dog is small. It(代之第三人称单数The dog) is Tom's.
人称代词的句法作用
A)人称代词有主格和宾语之分:主格用作主语和表语,宾格用作宾语。
如: I like music(主语). She is a teacher. (主语)
She and I are good friends(主语). Neither she nor I am student.
--I saw the boys this morning.
--Are you sure it was they(表语)?
B) 人称代词的宾格在句子作动词的宾语,或者介词的宾语。
如:I saw him at the party(动词see的宾语).
I haven't seen them recently. (动词see的宾语)
I bought a book for them.(作介词for的宾语)
=I bought them a book.(作介词buy的间接宾语)
☆注意:
a.在口语中,人称代词的主格形式作表语时,常常可以用宾格替换。
如:It can't be he/him.
--Is this Mr. Green?
--Yes, this is he/him.
b. 在口语中,当人称代词用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,用主格 (较正式) 和宾格 (较口语化) 均可以。
如:
He sings better than I/me. 他比我唱得好。
You know more than she/her.
She is as tall as me (me=I am).
c. 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它充当的是主语也是如此。如:
"I like English." "Me too=I like English too." "我喜欢英语。""我也喜欢。"
--Who did it?
--Them.(=They did it)